Belief Worlds and Epistemic Possibilities :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Belief Worlds and Epistemic Possibilities ABSTRACT: This paper develops an individualistic, belief-based account for a limited class of epistemic possibility statements. Section I establishes the need for such an account by reviewing a recent version of the majority view (the "Relevant Community Account") and contesting two key assumptions. I argue that some epistemic possibilities are belief-based-contra the assumption that all are knowledge-based. Against the assumption that all epistemic possibility statements are analyzable in terms of the speaker's "relevant community," I contend that the truth value of some statements is a function of the speaker's epistemic states alone. Section II develops an alternative account designed to capture those internal, individual statements. Modeling belief sets as "belief worlds," I explain our epistemic processes in terms of an ability to shift attention among our various belief worlds. Ever since G. E. Moore set out to explain the phrase "it's not certain that" and ended up offering a definition of epistemic possibility, ordinary uses of epistemic modal sentences have commanded more attention. A number of more recent accounts-which I'll call the "Moorean accounts"-follow Moore by analyzing all statements having the form "It's possible that p" uniformly. Their analysis is uniform in that they make two assumptions: first that some community is relevant in every case, and second that every statement is analyzable in terms of knowledge. I think that both assumptions are false, so one thing I'll do today is to suggest truth conditions for statements failing of both assumptions-"individual, doxastic possibility statements." I will have time to contest only the first assumption, though, and will therefore help myself to my conclusion regarding the second; I will assume that the locution "It's possible that p" is not restricted to expressions of epistemic, that is, knowledge-based possibility, but may be used to express doxastic or belief-based possibility as well. The first assumption-that some community is relevant to every use of "It's possible that p"-will be my main concern, then. To make the assumption in its stronger form, as Ian Hacking and Paul Teller do, is to treat all uses of "It's possible that p" as statements to be translated as "For all we know, p." But the locution "It's possible that p" is used not only for statements of that sort-for, in my terminology, "community statements"-but also for what I'll call "individual statements"-statements properly translated as "For all I know, p." The assumption that some community is relevant to every use of "It's possible that p" is also made by Keith DeRose, but in a weaker form.

Legal Environment of Business Management

Case Questions1. Many states prohibit their lottery tickets from being sold out of the state, so Pic-A-State would have it agent buy lottery tickets in various states and hold them there; someone in Pennsylvania would buy a claim on the tickets held in the other states. Congress passed a law prohibiting interstate transmission of lottery ticket information to be used for lottery ticket sales. Pic-A-State, which was being put out of business, challenged the law as unconstitutional. Was this correct? Pic-A-State Inc. s challenge stating that the law Congress passed prohibiting interstate transmission of lottery ticket information to be used for lottery ticket sale was unconstitutional is not correct. As per out text, the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution provides that â€Å"Congress shall have Power†¦ To regulate commerce with foreign Nations, and amount the several states†¦ † Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce that includes transmis sion of information by computer for purchasing lottery tickets.Although Pic-A-State did not transport actual lottery tickets across state lines, but only sold interest in lottery tickets via computer, their activity may still be regulated by Congress. Congress has acted under their constitutional exercise and power to legislate under the Commerce Clause. This law has protected the state lottery revenues, and preserving state sovereignty in the regulation of lotteries and interstate gambling.2. Plaistow, New Hampshire, passed an ordinance prohibiting truck traffic during late-night hours at a truck terminal loading and unloading facility.It did so to reduce noise and fumes for the benefit of town residents. The truck terminal had been in operation several years. Most of the trucks came five miles from an interstate highway to change loads. The truckers contested the regulation as a restriction on interstate commerce and maintained that regulating an area (interstate trucking) subject to federal regulations was illegal. Were the truckers right? I believe that the truckers were correct, stating that the regulation was a restriction on interstate commerce. As a person, I can understand the importance of regulating and restricting noise and fumes for the town residents.However, this terminal had been in operation for several years and poses a very important role for truckers as it allows them to pick up and drop of loads of many different products that need to be received in a timely manner by their purchasers. By regulating and restricting the operating hours of these truckers, they were imposing burden on interstate commerce. Only Congress can burden interstate commerce, and since Plaistow, New Hampshire as a state did not get approval from congress, this would be an unconstitutional regulation that imposes on interstate commerce.3. The state of Iowa has a statute limiting to 55 feet the length of trucks on it highways. This made it illegal for commonly use doubl e-trailer trucks 65 feet long to use Iowa highways. The shippers had to either use shorter truckers or go around the state. Iowa justified the regulation on the basis of safety on the highways, and because the bigger trucks caused more damage to it highways. Was this regulation constitutional? No, this regulation is not constitutional Iowa’s law substantially burdens interstate commerce as it uses regulations out of step with all of its neighboring State’s regulations.Moreover, Iowa discriminates against out-of-state interests by providing Iowan’s exemptions that are not extended to out-of-state interests. The safety benefits are not enough to be greater than the national interest in keeping interstate commerce free from interference, and this regulation was completely hindering the interstate commerce.11. A church owned land in a rural area that it used as a recreation area for disabled children. A fire in the area-destroyed vegetation, allowing flooding to occ ur. To protect public safety, the county adopted an ordinance prohibiting any new building in the area until it determined what to do.The church requested to rebuild was denied for six years while the county pondered what the building code, if any, should be for the area. The church sued for loss of use of the land. Could it recover under the just compensation clause of the Fifth Amendment? Yes, the church can recover it loss. The Fifth Amendment provides that â€Å"private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. † The Fifth Amendment does not prevent the government from taking property from private individuals, but does require that just compensation be paid.

Analysis Of Julia Alvarez s How I Learned At Sweep

In Julia Alvarez’s, â€Å"How I Learned to Sweep,† she uses an extended metaphor, similes, and imagery to convey the image that the narrator is not in the best mental state. Alvarez uses the idea of sweeping to express the narrator’s fear of the bad things in her life. â€Å"How I Learned to Sweep† explains a story of when a little girl first starts to sweep. The girl had often seen her mother sweep, yet she never taught her daughter. Once the girl is finished sweeping the floor of the house, the television catches her attention. She now begins to see images of the current war, The Vietnam War, and this is intriguing to her. After gazing away from the television, she realizes that the floor, she had been sweeping does not seem to be clean for her anymore. She begins to sweep again, but in her mind, the images she saw on television were too overwhelming. Her mother enters the room and turns off the television and the floor appears to be clean again. The ide a of the dust that was scattered throughout the floor represented the narrator’s mental state. She had been watching soldiers die on her television that was flooding her mind and causing her trouble. Throughout the poem, Alvarez uses the idea of â€Å"sweeping† as an extended metaphor that represents getting rid of the negative aspects in someone’s like. The narrator first explains, â€Å"My mother never taught me to learn how to sweep.† Children’s minds are normally filled with joy and innocence and the mother realizes this and she hopesShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use mate rial from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

Global Warming And Its Effects - 1451 Words

Global warming was once speculative but, after much research, it has since been scientifically proven by a number of methods. One such method is that used by paleoclimatologist Lonnie Thomas who collects the cores from ice masses all around the globe for his analysis of stable isotopes found in oxygen as discussed on page 452 of the text. Essentially, Thompson and his team concluded from their findings that â€Å"†¦most ice cores indicate that the last 50 years were the warmest 50-year period in the last 2000 years and, in some places, for the entire Holocene! Our climate is clearly going to grow even warmer and less hospitable† (Larsen 452). What, exactly, is global warming? â€Å"The increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere†¦show more content†¦Although I’m not always certain, at the moment, I think I’m human! Yeah, I’m pretty confident about that so, as a human, part two of this discussion calls for me to think about what the future may hold for my species if we continue on the path that we’re on, and if all of the groundbreaking accomplishments that we have achieved throughout the course of human evolution, our material culture specifically, will ultimately lead to our demise. And, if so, what, if anything, can be done to stop it? Collectively, what are the biological consequences of global climate change—global warming caused by greenhouse gases in particular; population increase—overcrowding more specifically; and technology—such advanced technology that humans’ physical activity has been reduced to be precise? On page 468 of the text, the chapter summary really wrapped it all up rather nicely, and, so not to take too much of your time, I will heavily rely upon the concise answers provided there to approach part one (although there are tons of additional details that my human little self is dying to shower you with). Global warming potentially threatens future food supplies for the growing world population, especially in poorer regions. Population increase places stress on resources, including food supplies. Population increase and associated crowding lead to poor sanitation and enhance the spread of existing and newly emerging infectious diseases. Population

Online Dating And Its Impact On The World - 1889 Words

With the advancement of the Internet, we have seen many changes in the dating world. Hundreds of applications and websites have been created in order to connect people locally and internationally. Among these websites and applications are online dating tools. Online dating began in 1995 when Match.com was created, and has grown significantly since. Millennials (the generation born between the 1980’s and the mid 2000’s) were born into the digital revolution. Growing up, we were more likely to text to ask for a date, rather than in person, or even over the phone. Now that most Millennials are teenagers or older, dating apps have become the new norm. With apps like OkCupid, Tinder, Grindr, and more, traditional dating values have gone out the door to make room for online dating. The thing our parents knew as â€Å"courting,† rarely exists within the Millennial generation. So, with all these knew dating tools, the question becomes: Has online dating actually affected how Millennials date? Literary Review In our research about online dating and the effect it has had on how Millennials date, we found that there were some common ideas among writers. Because our topic is relatively new, finding actual journals or research studies were hard. We decided to focus mostly on articles written for big name websites like Forbes and Time. The first things we decided to look at were the statistics of online dating. Online dating began in 1995 when Match.com was created. This is during a timeShow MoreRelatedOnline Dating And Its Effects On The Internet Dating World1197 Words   |  5 PagesThe internet has flipped the world on traditional relationships, and has opened up to the emergence of online, social dating. These online dating site have change the way relationships interact, gossip, flirt and communicate. However, numerous people do not understand the deception and manipulation aspect that comes with online dating. Forming a passionate relationship over the internet under fal se pretense can be emotionally destructive. Several studies have been performed in an attempt to explainRead MoreThe Changing Temperaments Of Cultural Practices Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagescommonplace of the internet has allowed online dating to become a progressively popular and socially accepted way to meet significant others. According to the PEW Research Center (2016), 15% of adults in the United States have used online dating sites, while 41% of adults say they know someone who uses online dating. Unfortunately, the prevalence of online dating has opened up a way for malevolent behavior to flourish over the internet. With that being said, online scammers have configured an intimateRead MoreThe Impact of Social Media on Online Dating1131 Words   |  5 PagesChanging Online Dating? Abstract In this paper, I have discussed how online dating is becoming popular and how the individuals are usually deceived by it. I have also discussed how the new television show Catfish is turning out to be a great example of how social media has changed online dating. All in all, I have covered the negative outcomes of online dating. Introduction In todays world, the expectations to fall in love have perhaps become online. This is because dating sites areRead MoreOnline Dating : The Negative Side Of Finding Significant Others Over The Internet1596 Words   |  7 Pagesay, 2017 Online Dating: The Negative Side of Finding Significant Others Over the Internet Before the birth of technology and social media, people approached their significant others face-to face. They encountered their future wives or husbands at schools, malls, markets, libraries or at any physical places. Everyone came to know others by recognizing their real faces, hearing their real voice, and understanding their real personalities. However, as the trend of using technological devicesRead MoreVirtual Proximity Is Important For A Serious Romantic Relationship1668 Words   |  7 Pagessomeone is to us physically and how accessible he or she is to us. Dating sites are considered useful because the user can choose the radius and mileage within which he or she would like to find a match. About a dozen smartphone apps enable people to connect anywhere—sports events, shopping mall, and other public places—using the location-based technology. Levine (2015) talked about virtual proximity, which is beneficial in the online dating scene. The simple visua l presentation of the site portrays theRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1648 Words   |  7 Pagesolder adults are joining in on Facebook and Instagram to try and fit in with the new norm social media has created. In a world that is so fast paced, it is difficult to not be pulled into the newest trends, as they are advertised almost everywhere. There are even ways to find a romantic partner with apps and websites. The power social media has can be observed all over the world in many different settings. Sadly, this power can be both positive and negative. Though, it may be hard sometimes to seeRead MoreSocial Medi Effects On Relationships1178 Words   |  5 Pagesdon’t realize the change that has occurred. Over the years social media has drastically increased and plays a huge role within relationships causing insecurity. Dating sites like EHarmony, Christian Mingle, and others have grown in popularity. Not only have the dating sites become more predominant, the re are even ways to have dates online as opposed to in person. Social media contains social networks like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, and maybe even Myspace, if people still use it. SocialRead MoreOnline Dating And The Internet Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pagesthe internet offer online dating or match making services. Despite being a relatively young industry, online dating has already become one of the most profitable types of business found on the internet. Online dating services now attract millions of users every day, and the industry is making hundreds of millions of dollars each year. Online dating provides an efficient way for people to meet with partners and to get to know them through e-mails and chats. Of the many online dating sites, PlentyofFishRead MoreDating In Modern Day Society Has Evolved From Passionate1408 Words   |  6 PagesDating in modern day society has evolved from passionate relationships, to what was known as aging love that would last forever, to so called relationships that can barely even last a month. Society no longer values the concept of long term relationships instead values: fame, looks, and riches. The world society is being brought upon technology and social media affect everything people do, it’s a part of their lifestyle. For instance, social media along with technology has changed the dating gameRead MoreOnline Dating Pros and Cons1060 Words   |  5 PagesOnline dating allows singles, couples, or groups to meet each other online with the hopes of forming a social, romantic, or sexual relationship. Those that sign up with an online dating service typically provide information for other members to view in the form of a personal profile. This personal profile is the main deciding factor as to whether or not an online dater chooses to communication with another member of the online dating service. Online dating, a relatively new form of social matchmaking

Desert Biome Free Essays

De iomee ert B s n g rick Bor By: E Period:2 Where is the desert biome located Usually located in U. S. A, South America, Africa,Europe,Austalia,and Asia. We will write a custom essay sample on Desert Biome or any similar topic only for you Order Now located in hot, dry locations around the Earth. Deserts cover about one fifth of the Earth’s land surface. What’s the climate like? All deserts are dry, arid places, but some may be cold depending on the location. Desert regions usually only receive 10 inches of rain per year. A very low latitude climate. Usually have average temperature over 64Â ° F(18Â ° C). The climate is formed by high-pressure zones in which cold air descends. Who lives in the Desert? The animals that live in the desert such as camels, snakes, lizards, scorpions, coyotes, armadillos, hawks, and kangaroos, have special adaptations that allow them to survive the extreme temperatures and conditions that present in a desert. There’s also things like plants such as cactus, ocotillo a leafy green plant that produces flowers) and shrubs. Plants in the desert are forced to make many adaption’s in order to survive in this dry, hot land. Some adaption’s are when rain falls they sprout at that moment. Speciality Receives a extremely low amount of perspiration. More water is lost by evapotranspiration. Deserts can be Cold or hot. Cold deserts are usually covered in snow or ice. classified by their geographical location and dominant weather pattern. Sand covers about only 20% of earths deserts. Antarctica is actually the biggest desert. level of biodiversity I believe the level of biodiversity is hot and dry. Not to many living things live in the desert, because of heat. Deserts don’t really have plants because it rarely rains. Animals that can live in the heat can sustained the deserts biodiversity. How to cite Desert Biome, Essay examples

For my GCSE practical, we chose to create a piece of improvisation in which I was a performer Essay Example For Students

For my GCSE practical, we chose to create a piece of improvisation in which I was a performer Essay For my GCSE practical, we chose to create a piece of improvisation in which I was a performer. I had previously been a stage manager and so it was interesting to be in a position to see a play from a completely different perspective, as an actor. Our devised piece, Hangman was written and is set in the modern day; the 21st Century, as are many soaps of today, for example Eastenders or Coronation Street. A typical setting for many currently popular plays is the 1960s or 70s, Kes adapted from the book by Barry Hines to the play by Lawrence Till perfromed by the National Youth Theatre , Billy Liar By Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall and Abigails Party By Mike Leigh performed at the Whitehall Theatre are all good examples of this. We will write a custom essay on For my GCSE practical, we chose to create a piece of improvisation in which I was a performer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But we wanted our production to really strike a chord with the audience, and felt that if the events we portrayed were set in the modern day, it would all seem more real and easier to relate to. The period does not really add a great deal to the story line of Hangman. If the same events took place in for example the 60s, little would have to be altered in the plot. But take the play Journeys End By R.C. Sheriff performed at The Comedy Theatre à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the play totally relies on its period because it is about the first world war and if it was set in the modern day there would be no war and therefore no play. The culture in which the characters live in Hangman is a fairly ordinary one, in the same way as the period is not highly relevant, neither is the culture. The characters are not intended to be either middle or working class à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" it is irrelevant. The basic setting, the period and background is not so vital that if it was changed it would alter the entire play. This is similar to Sweet Panic By Poliakoff performed at The Duke of Yorks Theatre which is also set in an ordinary environment in which extraordinary events occur. On reflection, I perceived that Hangman was in fact, in a very similar style to the play The Woman in Black Stephen Mallatratts adaptation of Susan Hills original book performed at The Fortune Theatre. We chose to have a very minimalistic set, using ten wooden boxes to represent as much as we could chairs, toy box, laptop, train, grave stones and we used this in a non-naturalistic way. This is very alike to the set used in The Woman in Black. They used an old trunk for many different purposes a pony and trap, a train, a bed, a trunk!. The idea is that, although the audience knows that the people are not actually on a train, they accept it by seeing the way the actors behave when sitting on the boxes or trunk and sometimes with the help of sound effects. This is very different in  soaps. The set is used in a naturalistic way, if they were to do a scene on a train, they would go to a station and film it on a real train. It would look out of place for a soap to use their set in a non-naturalistic way, and that is where one of the major differences lie between Hangman and any soap such as Coronation Street. An play that used their set in a naturalistic was is Journeys End they had a realistic looking bomb shelter with all sorts of details à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" it appeared to the audience that the actors were actually inside a real bomb shelter. We have also chosen to keep our costumes simple with a few obvious prompters to indicate whom we are representing for example, someone would draw on a white doctors coat to represent a GP. This again is a technique used in The Woman in Black in which there is a rack of simple garments of clothing a few coats, a hat, and a scarf which are donned by different people during the course of the play in order to represent the various different characters. .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c , .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c .postImageUrl , .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c , .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c:hover , .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c:visited , .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c:active { border:0!important; } .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c:active , .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u51925c9d753d068c9c108071d136be3c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shakespeare, Richard II: analysis of Richard as a king EssayA strong theme running through Hangman is one of supernatural beings and ghosts. We have the ghosts of the children the doctor has killed in almost every scene and they can only ever be seen by the doctor and each other. Their presence reminds me of the narrator in Blood Brothers By Wwilly Russell, performed at The Phoenix Theatre in which the actors rarely acknowledge him, but is almost always eerily lurking in the back ground. I recognised the same theme of the supernatural when watching The Woman in Black in which there is the ghost of Jennet Humphrey. She like the narrator in Blood Brothers is also often seen lurking in the background, visible to the audience but not to the actors. But what I really mean by the term supernatural is some being or creature that is not human, that has powers beyond any human being. This is seen in hundreds of plays, books and films. There is as I have previously mentioned The Woman in Black, in the book The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The novel by Robert Louis Stevenson the character of Edward Hyde and in the film The Sixth Sense Written and directed by M. Night Shyamalon there are many ghosts. Something like this would never feature in a soap, which is typically true to life and realistic, the story lines should be believable and logical. Therefore it would be ridiculous to portray something supernatural. The basic content and characters remind me a great deal of Sweet Panic. Poliakoff wrote Sweet Panic a two years ago in 2002. It involves a child psychologist who gets incredibly immersed in her work and patients. At the end she is starting to become mentally unstable herself because of the way that her work is taking over her life, she